computer basics notes

 Computer Basics A Computer is composed of hardware and software and can exist in a variety of size and configuration. The term hardware refer to the physical components of your computer such as The system unit mouse, keyboards ,monitor etc. and the software is the instructions that makes the computer works . So we can say computer is an electronic machine and computer is very versatile machine its basically a programmable machine. computer come from the word computer which means to calculate so its considered to be a calculating device that can perform anthmetic operation at an enormous speed computer not only store data but also retrieved from its memory when desired. Computer components 1:- Some hardware computer interact with computer such as keyboard , mouse , joystick, track bill, scanners ,touch pad,light pens game pads used for games . Moreover some devices monitor, plotter, speakers, hard disk, floppy disk cd rom, DVD writer and printer is an output device of computer. How computer memory is measured: Bit (all computer Work on a binary no. system they process data 0to 1this zero and I level of storage is call a bit) Byte : a byte consist of a bits Kilobyte : A kb or kilobyte consist of 1024 bytes Megabyte: ,A megabyte (MB) consist of 1024 kilobytes Gigabyte : A gigabyte (GB) consist of 1024 Megabytes Microprocessors : The brain of your Computer some time its called a chip of your computer determine how fast our computer will run and is measured by its MHZ SPEED its perform all the calculations within the computer . Some Of factors impact on a computer performance: such as CPU, Speed ,Ram size, Hard disk Speed And capacity . Software Components : In operating System is a special type of program that loads automatically when you start your computer its allow you to used the advanced feature of your computer .its also show the details of how the hardware works .its make a links between hardware and software components . Application software : Its include the programs such as word ,excel program on your system. All the programs can not run without the operating system . System software : Is the type of computer program that is designed to run a computer hardware and application program .OS (operating system)is the best example of system software operating system manger all the other program in a computer . Types of Computer:- Workstation, Minicomputer, Mainframe Computer , super computer ,Analog computer ,Digital computer & personal computer .01:- workstation : Its used for engineering application such as CAD ,desktop Publishing ,software development .its come with a large high resolution graphics screen ,Large Amount Of RAM & inbuilt Network support .it also have a mass storage device such as disk drive .so its called a diskless workstation . 02:- Mini Computer: These type computer Power and smaller in Physical size .Its Fills the space between mainframe & microcomputer. Mainly used as small server operating business and scientific application.it also called a mid range computer. Because they can operate mid sized software application and support numerous users simultaneously. 03:- Mainframe computer: In the first generation IBM released mainframe for using vacuum tube. These types of computer generally used in large institution and companies moreover mainframe computer having multiple user interface .Its purpose of transferring the data in real life .but now days new technologies continue hitting the market, cloud computing taking place of mainframe Its being used by retailer ,airlines ,banks etc.but it can’t be use for game . 04 -Super computer :-Introduced in the years of 1960s by Seymour cray .its used for scientific and engineering application that must handle very large data base .you can attached two or more processor (IC) with it.This system has a capacity to support more peripheral device and terminals. 05-Analog computer :-Computer work on the principal of using measurement physical phenomena like breath ,electric effect ,temperature etc . Mainly using in metrological center and hospital. Personal computer :-After long journey computer invention the 1st computer introduced in the years of 1984 by IBM. These computer was small in size, fast speed ,accurate result. Generation Of computer : First Generation :-vacuum tubes (1940-1956) The first computer system vacuum tubes for circuitry fo?kqr ifjp; and magnetic drums for memory and were ofter enormous ,taking up entire rooms .these computer were ofter enormous ,taking up entire rooms. These computer were very expensive to operative . And in addition to using a great deal of electricity .and was a lot of heat ,first generation computer released ,machine language low level programing. Language understood by the computer ,computer could only solve one problem at a time .their input was based on punched cards and output displayed on printout . Example:-UNIVAC AND ENIAC computer are the example of 1st generation . Second Generation :-The period of second generation was from 1959-1965 in this generation transistors were used that were cheaper ,consumed less power ,more compact in size and was faster than the 1st generation machine made of vacuum tubes ,in this generation ,magnetic core were used aas the primary memory and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices in this generation assembly language like as FORTRAN COBOL were used . Third generation :- The period of third generation was from 1965-1971 computer were used integrated circuits(IC) has many transistors resistors and capacitors along with associated circuitry . This development made computers smaller in size .The IC was invented by jack killby.In this generation remote processing time sharing, multi programming operating system were used and some high language like as COBOL,FORTRAN 2,PASCAL BASCALGOL were used. Fourth generation :- of computers was between 1971-1980these computer used the very large scale integrated (VISI) circuits technology therefore they were also known as the microprocessors it had 5000 transistors .fourth generation computer became more powerful compact, reliable ,and affordable as a result it gave a revolution in computer in this generation time sharing real time networks ,distributed operating system were used all the high level language like cc++Dbase were used in this generation Fifth generation: - The period of fifth generation is 1980 till date visi technology converted into usli technology (Ultra large scale) Resulting the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and artificial intelligence software .All emerging in computer science .all the high level Language and C++java ,net etc are used in this generation its developed the natural language processing and advancement in superconductor technology some user friendly interface with multimedia feature. In this generation computer base powerful, compact at chapter rate .some computer such as desktop laptop, notebook ,ultra book chrome book available in market .More over the game playing robotics neural language understanding . Components of computer :-Keyboard ,mouse ,light pen touch screen, micro phone, trackball & joystick camera ,web camera are input device of computer. Moreover monitor printer ,audio speaker ,headphone ,projector.Gps sound card, video card & plotter are the example of output device of computer mother board is called input and output device RAM is one of the read and write memory so its considered to be input & output device in a power supplies warless energy transfer to power their loads without connected wire some of supplies have other type of input and output as well. Power supply : - A power Supply converted main AC to low voltage regulated DC power its called as switch mode power supply (SMps)Its provide 5volt current & selected input voltage while others components adopt to man voltage. Mother board :-Mother board is the sheet plastics /It’s a man board of your computer that contains all the circuits .Motherboard is a computer’s central communication backbone connectivity point through which all components and external Peripherals connect. User : Application software:-is a term which is used for creating application for specific purpose .It is generally a program or collection of program used by the end users .A software which is developed to help the user to perform specific tasks . System software: - is a type of computer program that designed to run a computer hardware and application programs .The system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications. EXAMPLES OF SOFTWARE : APPLICATION SOFTWARE : MICROSOFT EXCEL(SPREEDSHEET), MICROSOFT ACCESS (DATABASE), MICROSOFT POWER(PRESENTATION) ,MICROSOFT WARD (WORD PRESENTATION) ,WINDOW MEDIA PLAYERS (MUSIC) & PHOTOSHOP (PAINT,COMMUNICATION&PHOTO EDITOR) SYSTEM SOFTWARE:-WINDOW ,DOS,MAE OS ,LINUX,UNIX ,DERVICE,UTLITIES & PROGRAMMING & LANGUAGE ) OCR : - is one of the optical character recognition or optical character reader its displayed the scanned text image on a dot format image in your computer its checked & displayed all line of your software image .Its determined that all.no or text series match its which software image or not .Its analysis our handwriting text and covert its with readable form of computer mostly used for scanned paper document PDF files or with digital camera image editing it’s a encoded character with converted mechanical language to machine language . OMR:- Stand for optical mark is a method of entering data into a computer system its read with pencil or pen marks made in pre-defined position .form as responsible to question or tick list prompts /Its work to capture human marked data form documents forms .Its used in multiple choice examination paper in the form of lines or shapes areas .Its also being used in s.s computer inst examination this time. Bar code : A BCR (bar code reader)also known as a pos (point of scale)scanner is a hardware input device ,capable for reading a bar code using a laser .It can be print out the details of product. Mostly used in manufacturing product. When we deliver our mail that time we are using bar code reader for defending the address .scanner is capable for print out the details of the product into your base system. Printer and his type:- Printer are three types :- 1. Impact printer –are don’t matrix &daisy wheel 2. Non impact – are inkjet thermal & laser printer 3. Line printer (drum ,chain printer ) DOT Matrix printer :-Its using the fix no. of pins or wire and pin and wire arranged in one or several vertical columns .The pan strike an ink coated ribbon and force between ribbon and printer .That each pin make a small dot on the paper .So it’s the combination of dot is called as dot matrix printer. Daisy wheel :-Printing is called impact printing technology .Invented in the years 1970.its used for type writer word processor and computer .its was resembled as daisy flower its use for high quality text printing . Line printer : - line printer prints a single line in one time. This type of printer work very fast . Mostly its based on impact technology .Its can print 300 to 2500 line in a minute .drum printer is the best example of line printer .printer print quality not good .printing speed is very fast .Its very expensive to parching .Its is not capable for any graphics . Drum printer :- for printing line rotate over the drum .Its means it does not print any character with a line paper press on the drum at right time, to create a text on a page then drum received the image and print on the paper.THARMAL PRINTER :- This types of printer are using for cash register receipt ,for lottery ticket .Receipt for A.T.M transaction & used for electrical bill. In old time we were using fax machine ,but now coming time using fax laser and inkjet printer. We used thermal paper for printing any character .Its is one of the chemical layer when chemical heated converted their color .and heating element heat the print head .which work for he heating paper. And get print out very slowly processing. INKJET PRINTER:-Is a type of computer printing that recreates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper and plastic substrates. Its generally cheaper, smaller and can be used to point both text and document and give high quality of image ,especially photos .These attributes were refilling tank system,printing,scanning,copying,wireless,automatic two sided printing etc. LASER PRINTER:-laser printer was on the large non impact printer .Mostly used in main frame computer .These printer are very popular now days. Be case its quality is so good ,easy to print any object and fast speed .In laser printer using RAM and ROM in their processor It print by dot on the paper .But these dots were very small but clear for printing characters cartage are using in this types of printer .Dry powder ink filled with printer